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Residency (medicine)
Residency is a stage of graduate medical training. A resident or house officer is a physician (holding either a M.D., D.O., MBBS, MBChB, BMed or D.P.M. degree) who practices medicine usually in a hospital or clinic. The definition of residency varies worldwide by country and structure of the medical industry. In the US, it is classically associated with physicians (M.D., D.O. or D.P.M.). The training programs of allied health professionals may also involve a period of training termed "residency." This includes nurse practitioners, pharmacists, physical therapists, physician assistants, veterinarians, medical physicists, optometrists, audiologists, and dentists.
A residency may follow the internship year or include the internship year as the first year of residency. The residency can also be followed by a fellowship, during which the physician is trained in a specialty or a sub-specialty. Successful completion of residency training is a requirement to practice medicine in many jurisdictions.
Whereas medical school teaches physicians a broad range of medical knowledge, basic clinical skills, and supervised experience practicing medicine in a variety of fields, medical residency gives in-depth training within a specific branch of medicine. A physician may choose a residency in anesthesiology, ophthalmology, dermatology, emergency medicine, family medicine, internal medicine, neurology, obstetrics and gynecology, otolaryngology, pathology, pediatrics, plastic and reconstructive surgery, psychiatry, physical medicine and rehabilitation, radiology, radiation oncology, Neurology, neurosurgery, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, surgery, or other specialties.
==Terminology==
A ''resident physician'' is more commonly referred to as a ''resident'', ''senior house officer'' (in Commonwealth countries), or alternatively as a ''senior resident medical officer'' or ''house officer''. Residents have graduated from an accredited medical school and hold a medical degree (MD, DO, DPM, MBBS, MBChB). The residents collectively are the ''house staff'' of a hospital. This term comes from the fact that resident physicians traditionally live the majority of their training "in house," i.e., the hospital. Duration of most residencies can range from three years to seven years for a specialized field such as neurosurgery. A year in residency begins between late June to early July depending on the individual program, and ends one calendar year later. A first-year resident is often termed an intern, although this term is quickly being changed to "first year resident". Depending on the number of years a specialty requires, the term junior resident refers to residents that have not completed half their residency. ''Senior residents'' are residents in their final year of residency. Some residency programs refer to residents in their final year as ''chief residents'' (typically in surgical branches). Alternatively, a ''chief resident'' may describe a resident who has been selected to extend his or her residency by one year and organize the activities and training of the other residents (typically in internal medicine and pediatrics). If a physician finishes a residency and decides to further his or her education in a fellowship, he or she is referred to as a "fellow". Post-residency physicians are referred to as ''attending physicians,'' or ''consultants'' (in Commonwealth countries). However, the above nomenclature applies strictly only to educational institutes in which the period of training is specified in advance. In privately owned, non-training hospitals, in certain countries, the above terminology may reflect the level of responsibility held by a physician rather than their level of education.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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